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Crops
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Livestock
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Energy
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Metals
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Coarse grains
Leanne Lawrance
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The world coarse grains indicator price (US corn, fob Gulf) has fallen in recent months to its lowest level since September 2007. In November 2008 the price averaged US$165 a tonne, which was considerably below the peak price of US$288 a tonne in June 2008, but slightly above the average price of US$160 a tonne in September 2007.

World coarse grains production is forecast to be at record highs in 2008-09, as seasonal condition in many of the major producing countries have been favourable. This increased supply is likely to place downward pressure on prices in 2008-09. However, continued strong demand for coarse grains, particularly corn as a feedstock for ethanol production, will support prices. In 2008-09, the world coarse grains indicator price is forecast to average US$164 a tonne, around US$55 a tonne below the average 2007-08 price.

Australian barley production is forecast to be 7 per cent higher in 2008-09 than the drought affected 2007-08 harvest. The likely downgrading of some of the Australian wheat crop, because of significant rainfall during harvest, will further increase feed grain availability and could place additional pressure on domestic barley prices. Australian feed barley prices are forecast to fall by 45 per cent to A$168 a tonne and malting barley by 14 per cent to A$299 a tonne in 2008-09.
Record world production
World coarse grains production is forecast to be 14 million tonnes higher in 2008-09 compared with the previous year’s harvest. An estimated 10.6 million tonne decline in world corn production (the major coarse grain) is expected to be outweighed by a 20 million tonne increase in barley production in 2008-09. When combined with opening season stocks, world coarse grain supplies in 2008-09 are forecast to be 2.4 per cent higher than in the previous year.

The United States is the largest coarse grains producer accounting for an average of around 30 per cent of global production. In 2008-09, US coarse grains production is estimated to be the second highest on record. However, this production is an 8 per cent decline from the 2007-08 record production. In late November 2008, the United States Department of Agriculture estimated that close to 90 per cent of corn (the major coarse grain produced in the US) had been harvested. Corn production in the United States is estimated to be 305 million tonnes in 2008-09 compared with 332 million tonnes in 2007-08.

Corn production in China is estimated to be a record 156 million tonnes in 2008-09 compared with 152 million tonnes harvested in 2007-08. The increased production in China is the result of an improvement in corn yields, as the area planted is estimated to have declined by 1 per cent. Corn yields in 2008-09 are estimated at 5.34 tonnes a hectare compared with 5.17 tonnes a hectare in the previous year and the five year average of 5.14 tonnes a hectare.

The European Union is the third largest producer of coarse grains in the world, accounting for an average 14 per cent of global production. It is the third largest corn producer and the largest barley producer. With favourable growing conditions, yields of both crops are estimated to be above historical averages. Barley yields are estimated to be 4.46 tonnes a hectare compared with a five year average of 4.17 tonnes a hectare. Corn yields are estimated at 6.72 tonnes a hectare compared with a five year average of 6.15 tonnes a hectare. Combined with increased area planted, production of corn and barley in the European Union is estimated at 59.5 million tonnes and 65.3 million tonnes respectively in 2008-09.

Barley production in the Russian Federation is estimated to be 22.5 million tonnes in 2008-09, close to 7 million tonnes more than the previous year. This is despite a fall in the area planted to barley as growers switched into the production of wheat. In the Ukraine seasonal conditions have been favourable and yields are estimated at a record 3.05 tonnes a hectare, resulting in production more than doubling the previous year’s harvest.
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Coarse grains outlook
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
f
% change
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World
Production
Mt
 989
1 078
1 092
 1.3
– barley
Mt
 137
 133
 153
 15.0
– corn
Mt
 712
 792
 781
– 1.4
Consumption
Mt
1 012
1 063
1 092
 2.7
Trade
Mt
 117
 124
 110
– 11.3
Closing stocks
Mt
 139
 154
 151
– 1.9
US corn price
US$/t
 157
 218
 164
– 24.8
  (fob Gulf, Sept–Aug)
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Australia
Area
’000 ha
6 216
6 576
6 570
– 0.1
– barley
’000 ha
4 182
4 405
4 506
 2.3
– sorghum
’000 ha
 613
 845
 722
– 14.6
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Production
kt
6 727
10 672
10 547
– 1.2
– barley
kt
4 257
5 920
6 361
 7.4
– sorghum
kt
1 283
3 072
2 143
– 30.2
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Exports
kt
3 255
4 428
5 274
 19.1
– value
A$m
 875
1 620
1 914
 18.1
Feed barley price
A$/t
 276
 305
 168
– 44.9
Malting barley price
A$/t
 321
 346
 299
– 13.6
f ABARE forecast.
World consumption at record highs
Global coarse grains consumption is forecast to increase by 28 million tonnes in 2008-09 to a record 1.1 billion tonnes. This is the third consecutive year coarse grains consumption has been more than 1 billion tonnes. Increased coarse grains consumption is being driven by a forecast 33 million tonne increase in industrial use (primarily for ethanol), while feed use is forecast to decline by 5 million tonnes.
Feed use forecast to decline
The use of coarse grains for livestock feed is forecast to decline by 1 per cent to be 652 million tonnes in 2008-09. However, this is still the second highest feed use of coarse grains on record.

The United States and the European Union are the largest consumers of coarse grains for livestock feeding purposes, accounting for slightly more than 40 per cent of global feed use. In 2008-09, feed use in the United States and the European Union are forecast to fall by 9 per cent and 7 per cent, respectively. In China consumption is forecast to increase by 6 per cent.

In the European Union the demand for coarse grains as a livestock feed is forecast to fall by 7 per cent in 2008-09 as producers increase the proportion of feed wheat in feeding rations. In 2007-08, coarse grains use as a livestock feed in the European Union increased to a record

116.8 million tonnes as the price of feed wheat was relatively more expensive than the other feed grains. In 2008-09, as the price of feed wheat is expected to become relatively cheaper than other feed grains and is likely to replace coarse grains, particularly corn, in EU livestock feeding rations to a significant extent.

In the United States the use of corn (the major coarse grain) as a livestock feed is forecast to fall to around 135 million tonnes, the lowest level since the 1996-97 season. The use of corn as a livestock feed is forecast to fall as feed wheat and distillers grains (a by-product from the production of ethanol) replaces some corn in feeding rations.
Ethanol driving the record coarse grains consumption
Industrial use of coarse grains (primarily for ethanol) is forecast to increase to a record 440 million tonnes in 2008-09, a 33 million tonne increase on the previous year.

The United States is the largest consumer of coarse grains for industrial purposes and is forecast to use 142 million tonnes in 2008-09, a 25 million tonne increase on the previous year. The US ethanol industry has expanded rapidly with production capacity increasing from 6.6 billion litres in 2000 to an estimated 41.8 billion litres in 2008. It is also estimated that in late 2008 an additional 6 billion litres of capacity was under construction.

Recent reports from the United States indicate some ethanol plants are closing down as a result of the significant fall in oil prices and relatively high input costs which have affected their financial viability. At this stage, it is difficult to make a firm assessment of how long these plants will remain closed and the likely impact this may have on US corn demand.

The major feedstock used in the United States to produce ethanol is corn. Corresponding with the rising production capacity has been an increase in the use of corn for industrial purposes. In 2000-01, the United States used 50 million tonnes of corn for industrial purposes and in 2008-09 this is forecast to increase to around 136 million tonnes.

The rapid rise in the United States ethanol industry has been the result of supportive government policies. Mandated use of biofuels in transport fuels under the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA), will mean that US mandated use of biofuels will be around 9.0 billion gallons (34.1 billion litres) in 2008.
Trade forecast to decline
World coarse grains trade is forecast to decline by around 14 million tonnes in 2008-09 to be 110 million tonnes. The decline is largely the result of lower import demand from the European Union.

Coarse grains imports in the European Union increased to a record of close to 20 million tonnes in 2007-08, as domestic production fell short of demand. In 2008-09, both wheat and coarse grains production in the European Union is estimated to have increased by around 31 million tonnes and 22 million tonnes, respectively. As domestic supplies increase, coarse grains imports by the European Union are forecast to fall by 17 million tonnes to be close to 3 million tonnes.
Stocks declining in 2008-09
Coarse grain stocks at the end of the 2008-09 season are forecast to be
2 per cent lower than at the end of 2007-08. A forecast 9 million tonne increase in barley stocks is forecast to be outweighed by a 16 million tonne decline in corn stocks.

Corn stocks in China and the United States are forecast to decline by 6 and 31 per cent respectively in 2008-09. Corn stocks in China are forecast to fall, despite three consecutive years of production of more than 150 million tonnes. This reflects continued strong growth in feed demand combined with increased demand for corn as a feedstock for ethanol production.

The majority of the 9 million tonne increase in world barley stocks is expected to come from the European Union and the Russian Federation. Stocks in these countries are forecast to increase by around 5 million tonnes and 3 million tonnes respectively.
Australian coarse grains production to rise
Australian barley production is forecast to be 6.4 million tonnes in 2008-09, a 7 per cent increase on the previous year’s harvest. Poor spring conditions in southern New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia resulted in a decline in crop potential from mid-year expectations. Untimely rainfall in all states, except South Australia, interrupted harvest and will result in some downgrading of barley quality.

The November rainfall in northern New South Wales and southern Queensland (the major summer crop producing regions) has given summer crops good sub-soil moisture to draw on for the coming growing season. Parts of the 2007-08 grain sorghum area were doubled cropped with the recently harvested winter cereals and will therefore not be planted to grain sorghum in 2008-09. The area planted to grain sorghum is forecast to be 722 000 hectares in 2008-09, a 15 per cent fall on the previous year, but one of the largest grain sorghum areas on record.

Grain sorghum yields were a record 3.6 tonnes a hectare in 2007-08, well above the 10 year average of 2.6 tonnes a hectare. In 2008-09, yields are forecast to decline from 2007-08 records. Good stored soil moisture is leading to the expectation of above average yields. The Australian Bureau of Meteorology in its latest seasonal rainfall outlook (26 November 2008) for the summer period indicates there is a moderate shift in the odds toward above average rainfall over parts of north-east New South Wales and south-east Queensland.
Exports to increase in 2008-09
Australian coarse grains exports are forecast to be 5.3 million tonnes in 2008-09 an increase of 19 per cent from the volume shipped in 2007-08. The value of these exports is supported to some extent by an assumed depreciation in the Australian dollar. The value of Australian coarse grains exports is forecast to rise by 18 per cent to $1.9 billion in 2008-09.

The major increase in coarse grains exports is expected to come from barley. Australian barley exports on a marketing year basis (November – October) are forecast to reach 4.2 million tonnes in 2008-09, a 4 per cent increase on the previous year. The value of barley exports on a financial year basis (July-June) is forecast to be $1.5 billion in 2008-09, 1 per cent more than the previous year.