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Aluminium and alumina
Rebecca McCallum
The world aluminium price in 2008 is forecast to average around US$2850 a tonne, 8 per cent higher than in 2007. High energy prices and disruptions to power supplies at a number of aluminium smelters, associated with electricity shortages, are expected to support aluminium prices at more than US$2800 a tonne in 2008 and 2009.
Prices increasing
In the first half of 2008, disruptions to electricity supplies in China, South Africa and New Zealand resulted in reduced availability of power and lower than expected growth in aluminium production. This was a key driver of the 2 per cent increase in aluminium prices in the first six months of 2008, compared with the corresponding period in 2007. Over the next 15 months, availability of electricity is expected to remain a constraint on aluminium production and to support higher prices.

Another issue for the aluminium industry is the increased cost of electricity. After alumina, energy is the largest single cost for an aluminium smelter, accounting for around one-third of total input costs. As energy (and production) costs rise, marginal aluminium producers are expected to reduce output, resulting in lower supplies of aluminium, which in turn places upward pressure on aluminium prices. With consumption of aluminium forecast to increase in 2009, reduced availability and higher prices of electricity are expected to lead to higher aluminium prices.

In 2009, the world aluminium price is forecast to increase by a further 7 per cent to US$3050 a tonne.
Developing economies supporting consumption growth…
World consumption of aluminium is forecast to increase by 9 per cent in 2008, to 40.6 million tonnes, and by an additional 9 per cent to 44.2 million tonnes in 2009. A significant proportion of this increase will occur in China, which is expected to account for more than one-third of world aluminium consumption in 2008.

Rising incomes and extensive infrastructure development in China are forecast to result in increased consumption of aluminium in industrial and commercial applications such as electricity transmission infrastructure. Aluminium production capacity in China also continues to expand rapidly. However, production capacity will not match consumption growth, and as a result, China is forecast to be a net importer of aluminium in 2008 and 2009.
…while consumption weakens in the United States
In the United States, motor vehicle production and housing construction account for a large proportion of aluminium consumption. In the first half of 2008, housing starts fell by 30 per cent compared with the same period in 2007 reflecting the weak residential housing market. The US housing market is expected to remain weak over the outlook period, contributing to lower aluminium demand.

Motor vehicle assemblies were also lower year on year. High fuel prices, as well as the assumed weakness in the US economy, are expected to result in fewer vehicles being produced in 2008 and 2009. US aluminium consumption declined by 9 per cent in 2007, mainly in the second half of the year as the economy slowed. US consumption is forecast to decline by a further 1 per cent a year in both 2008 and 2009 as assumed economic weakness continues.
Production driven by energy availability and price
World aluminium production is forecast to increase by 7 per cent in 2008, to 40.9 million tonnes. Expansions and new capacity in China, Venezuela, Iceland and Iran are expected to more than offset the effect of lower production in South Africa, New Zealand and the United Kingdom.

Disruptions to power supplies in South Africa and New Zealand have resulted in producers operating at, or below, 90 per cent of capacity. In the United Kingdom, a fire at Rio Tinto’s Anglesey smelter in June reduced production to around one-third of capacity. One potline was restored in July and it is expected operations will return to full capacity of around 145 000 tonnes a year by the end of November.

China’s aluminium production is forecast to grow by around 17 per cent in 2008 as new smelters and expansions of existing smelters are completed. This growth has been constrained because a number of large Chinese aluminium producers cut production by 10 per cent between July and September as part of the shutdown of heavy industry because of the Olympic Games.

Increasing power costs and recent declines in aluminium prices have also delayed the commissioning or restarting of some smelters. However, prices are forecast to increase in the fourth quarter of 2008 as aluminium stocks decline. This could encourage producers to restart or increase production at a number of smelters.

In 2009, world aluminium production is forecast to grow by a further 8 per cent to 44.1 million tonnes. The majority of this growth is again expected to be in China. By the end of 2009, China is expected to produce almost 40 per cent of the world’s primary aluminium. In addition, increased availability of electricity in the United States and New Zealand is expected to contribute to higher world aluminium production.
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Some expected capacity expansions to be completed in 2008
 
smelter company
country
increase kt
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Grundartangi Nordural - Nordic Aluminium
Iceland
30
Angul Nalco
India
115
Arak Iralco
Iran
130
Puerto Ordaz Venalum
Venezuela
1 42.5
Shandong Weiqiao  
China
300
Huomei Hongjun Huomei Hongjun
China
200
Guangxi Yinhai Guangxi Yinhai
China
100
Baise Baise Xinhai Aluminium
China
100
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Australian production stable
Australian aluminium production is forecast to remain largely unchanged at 1.97 million tonnes in 2008-09. No additions or expansions to Australia’s aluminium production capacity are expected in the forecast period.

Export earnings from aluminium declined by 12 per cent in 2007-08, reflecting a slight increase in export volumes but lower prices during the financial year. In 2008-09, export volumes are forecast to increase by 2 per cent reflecting declining domestic consumption, while export earnings are forecast to increase by 11 per cent in line with forecast higher world prices.
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Alumina and aluminium outlook
 
2007
2008
f
2009
f
% change
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World aluminium
Production
kt
38 046
40 883
44 108
 7.9
Consumption
kt
37 398
40 617
44 200
 8.8
Closing stocks
kt
2 960
3 226
3 134
– 2.9
– weeks consumption
 4.1
 4.1
 3.7
– 9.8
Price
US$/t
2 639
2 855
3 050
 6.8
USc/lb
 119.7
 129.5
 138.3
 6.8
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World alumina
Spot price
US$/t
 341
 426
 397
– 6.8
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2006-07
2007-08
s
2008-09
f
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Australia
           
Production
Bauxite
Mt
62.7
63.1
62.6
– 0.8
Alumina
kt
18 506
19 359
20 167
 4.2
Aluminium
kt
1 954
1 965
1 966
 0.1
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Exports
Alumina
kt
15 056
15 739
16 462
 4.6
– value
A$m
6 243
5 811
6 424
 10.5
Aluminium
kt
1 638
1 650
1 691
 2.5
– value
A$m
5 650
4 971
5 501
 10.7
 
f ABARE forecast. s ABARE estimate.
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Chinese aluminium smelter costs and profit margins
per tonne of aluminium
 
Jan-07
Sep-08
change
 
RMB
RMB
%
Cash cost      
Power
3 051
6 815
123
Alumina
9 800
6 176
–37
Carbon anode
1 375
2 640
92
Other
1 000
2 000
100
Total
15 226
1 7631
16
SHFE Al price
19 250
17 000
–12
Net profit
4 024
–631
 
Source: Macquarie Research, September 2008.
Alumina
The majority of world alumina sales are made on a contract basis (where the contract price is linked to the aluminium spot price) or take place as internal transactions within companies. The remaining alumina is sold on the spot market, predominantly to small Chinese smelters. As a result, the alumina spot price tends to reflect the availability of alumina spot sales and not necessarily movements in the aluminium price.

In 2008, the alumina spot price is forecast to average US$426 a tonne, 25 per cent higher than in 2007. Strong demand for alumina has been supported by an increase in aluminium production, reducing the quantity of alumina available on the spot market. The increase in spot price also reflects limited growth in alumina production in the first half of 2008.

Higher production costs, particularly for electricity, have supported price rises. As with aluminium, marginal producers are likely to shutdown or reduce output in response to higher production costs. Since demand was robust in the first three-quarters of 2008, prices increased. However, in the last quarter of 2008 and in 2009, the alumina spot price is forecast to fall, averaging around US$400 a tonne, in response to increased production and therefore a wider availability of alumina on the spot market.

Production of alumina in Brazil is forecast to increase in 2008 as two new refineries with a capacity of 2.1 million tonnes each commence production. In 2009, production is expected to increase further as the projects in Brazil increase production toward full capacity and two new refineries in Guinea commence production. However, production is forecast to decline in Bosnia and Herzegovina as the Birac refinery (capacity of 600 000 tonnes a year) is scheduled to close.
Australia
In 2007-08, Australia’s alumina production increased by 5 per cent to 19.4 million tonnes. This reflects moderate production increases at most existing refineries, as well as initial production at Rio Tinto Alcan’s refurbished and expanded Gove refinery.

Australian production is forecast to increase by a further 4 per cent in 2008-09, as production at Gove increases toward full capacity. However, production at Alcoa’s refineries is estimated to have been below full capacity in the September quarter because of disruptions to gas supplies stemming from damage at the Varanus Island gas plant.

BHP Billiton’s Worsley refinery is not expected to have been affected by the disruption to gas supplies, as gas was diverted from the Kalgoorlie nickel smelter, which was closed for maintenance.

In line with increased production, Australian exports of alumina increased by 4 per cent to 15.7 million tonnes in 2007-08. However, lower prices resulted in the value of exports falling by 8 per cent.

Alumina exports are forecast to reflect changes in production again in 2008-09, increasing by 5 per cent to 16.5 million tonnes in 2008-09. Australia’s alumina consumption is expected to be unchanged in line with steady aluminium production.

A combination of both higher export volumes and higher prices in 2008-09 is expected to result in the value of Australia’s alumina exports increasing by 12 per cent to $6.4 billion.