
Crops |
Livestock |
Energy |
Metals |
| Nickel | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Rebecca McCallum |
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| In late July, 2008, the nickel price fell below US$20 000 a tonne for the first time since mid-2006. Since mid-2007, weakening demand growth for nickel for use in stainless steel, combined with relatively stable nickel production, has resulted in rising world stocks and declining prices. With prices averaging around US$27 000 a tonne in the first half of 2008, the nickel price is forecast to average around US$24 000 a tonne for the year as a whole. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prices to average more than US$20 000 until mid-2009 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nickel prices continued to decline in the third quarter of 2008. Weak construction activity in North America and some parts of the European Union has resulted in low demand for stainless steel and, therefore, low demand for nickel. At the same time, nickel supply from conventional sources has been increasing as new mines are commissioned and refineries operate close to capacity. Factors expected to support prices in 2008 are the high proportion of nickel demand in China currently met by nickel pig iron and disruptions to refined nickel production in countries such as Australia. Nickel pig iron, produced when low grade nickel ores are smelted, is estimated to have a marginal cost of production of more than US$20 000 a tonne of refined nickel equivalent, even after credits for iron content. Production of nickel from conventional, more economic sources, at a marginal cost substantially less than this, is not expected to be sufficient to meet world demand until mid-2009. Hence, prices are expected to average more than US$20 000 until then. In 2009, the nickel price is forecast to average around US$19 000 a tonne. World economic growth is assumed to continue to moderate, reducing the demand for nickel and stainless steel, particularly in OECD countries. On the supply side, a number of new mines are scheduled to commence production in late 2008 and early 2009. |
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| Consumption to increase slowly | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nickel consumption is forecast to increase by 2 per cent to 1.35 million tonnes in 2008 as lower consumption in a number of developed countries is expected to be offset by rising nickel consumption in China. Nevertheless, relatively high world nickel prices are encouraging stainless steel producers to curb their use of the metal. Many stainless steel producers are attempting to offset relatively high nickel prices by reducing the nickel content of the steel they produce through substitution with other metals, such as chromium. In the United States and the European Union, weak economic growth has reduced spending on consumer durables, growth in industrial production and growth in construction activity. However, demand for stainless steel, and hence for nickel, has continued to grow in China in parallel with demand for industrial and consumer uses of stainless steel and other nickel alloys. Consumption growth is expected to remain strong at an annual rate of around 20 per cent in China in 2008 and 2009, compared with rates of 34 per cent and 29 per cent in 2006 and 2007, respectively. In 2009, China is forecast to consume 480 000 tonnes of nickel, accounting for more than one-third of world nickel consumption. This compares with just 4 per cent of world consumption (47 000 tonnes) ten years earlier. In 2009, world nickel consumption is forecast to increase by 3 per cent to 1.39 million tonnes as consumption growth remains strong in China and stable elsewhere. |
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| Lower production in 2008… | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nickel mine production is forecast to decline by 3 per cent to 1.55 million tonnes in 2008. A number of mines have been recently commissioned or are expected to commence operating in the short term. However, disruptions to existing operations because of industrial disputes and falling nickel prices are expected to more than offset production from new mines, resulting in lower world mine production for 2008 as a whole. Mine production is forecast to rise in Indonesia and Australia but this is expected to be more than offset by declining production in a number of other countries. Production in Colombia is expected to be lower in 2008 as a result of industrial disputes. Also, as a result of the falling nickel price, demand for low-grade ore imports in China has declined, reducing production in New Caledonia and the Philippines. China’s stocks of nickel ores and concentrates are estimated to have increased by around 30 per cent in the first half of 2008, reflecting falling demand for nickel pig iron. Refined nickel production is forecast to decline also, by 1 per cent, to 1.42 million tonnes. Production in the Dominican Republic is expected to fall as ferronickel operations at Falcondo have been suspended for at least four months. As well, falling nickel prices and rising energy costs are forecast to result in lower nickel production worldwide. |
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| …but expected to recover only gradually in 2009 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Despite higher capacity, nickel production is not expected to increase significantly in 2009. Rising nickel prices between 2003 and 2007 encouraged investment in new nickel capacity, which in many cases has been, or is now, close to being commissioned. More than 20 nickel mines worldwide are scheduled to commence production before the end of 2009, resulting in large increases in world nickel mine and refinery production capacity. Nickel mine production is forecast to rise by 2 per cent to 1.58 million tonnes, while refined production is expected to remain at around 1.42 million tonnes. Offsetting increased nickel production from new capacity is the expected closure of some mines in response to lower nickel prices. Overall, there is expected to be a change in the composition of global refined, or primary, nickel supply by the end of 2009. The Chinese Government closing small nickel pig iron smelters to conserve power, and marginal nickel pig iron producers closing voluntarily in response to declining nickel prices, are expected to contribute to this change in composition. |
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| Australian refined production to decline in 2008-09 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Australian nickel mine production was stable in 2007-08, at around 190 000 tonnes, as lower production at Minara’s Murrin Murrin and BHP’s Nickel West was offset by the commencement of Western Areas’ Forrestania project. In 2008-09, mine production is forecast to increase by nearly 25 per cent, to around 235 000 tonnes, following the commissioning of BHP Billiton’s Ravensthorpe and Cliffs projects in Western Australia and OZ Minerals’ Avebury mine in Tasmania. Avebury is Australia’s first nickel mine outside Western Australia. Refined nickel production increased marginally in 2007-08, to 120 000 tonnes. In 2008-09, refined nickel production is expected to remain largely unchanged as increased production from BHP Billiton’s Yabulu refinery expansion in Queensland is offset by disruptions in Western Australia. In June 2008, Western Australia’s domestic gas supplies were reduced as a result of a fire at Varanus Island. This is estimated to have reduced refined nickel production by one-third in the September quarter of 2008. In addition, BHP Billiton’s shutdown of its Kalgoorlie nickel smelter for rebuilding is expected to substantially decrease volumes of refined production at Kwinana, which uses the intermediate nickel produced at Kalgoorlie as an input. Offsetting the disruptions to refined nickel supply in Western Australia, the expansion of capacity at BHP Billiton’s Yabulu refinery in Queensland was completed in the December quarter of 2007. As a result, output of refined nickel at Yabulu is expected to rise as production increases toward full capacity. Reflecting the above developments, Australia’s refined nickel production is forecast to remain unchanged in 2008-09 at around 220 000 tonnes. |
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