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Rohan Kendall
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Zinc
World spot zinc prices have averaged around US$2350 a tonne in the first five months of 2008, about 28 per cent lower than the 2007 average price of US$3243 a tonne. For 2008 as a whole, the spot price of zinc is forecast to average US$2074 a tonne on the London Metal Exchange, a decline of 36 per cent from the average price for 2007.
Prices declining as supply increases
Zinc production has exceeded consumption so far in 2008, resulting in rising zinc stockpiles and falling prices. For the year as a whole, production is forecast to exceed consumption by around 175 000 tonnes, leading to zinc stockpiles increasing by 30 per cent to 3 weeks of consumption.

Zinc production is forecast to continue to exceed consumption by around 240 000 tonnes in 2009 leading to a further rise in zinc stockpiles to around 3.9 weeks of consumption. As a result, zinc prices are forecast to fall by a further 15 per cent in 2009 to average about US$1770 a tonne.
Asia continues to drive world zinc demand…
World refined zinc consumption is forecast to increase by 4.1 per cent to 11.8 million tonnes in 2008 and a further 4.5 per cent to 12.3 million tonnes in 2009. Approximately 70 per cent of zinc is consumed in the construction and automotive industries in the form of galvanised (zinc coated) steel or other components such as diecast parts.

The majority of the increase in world zinc consumption is expected to be driven by growing demand in Asia. Zinc consumption in countries such as China, India, and the Republic of Korea is expected to increase by 10 per cent, 6.5 per cent and 6.4 per cent a year respectively in 2008 and 2009. Underpinning this growth is investment in infrastructure projects, such as roads, railways, port and power generation. In addition, strong growth in manufacturing output, such as motor vehicle production, is expected to continue in these countries.
…but demand weak in US and Europe
Zinc consumption in the United States decreased by 311 000 tonnes (23 per cent) from 2000 to 2007 owing to flat domestic sales and greater import competition for manufactured goods, particularly automotive. US zinc demand is expected to remain weak in 2008 and 2009 reflecting the negativeeffects on construction and manufacturing output associated with the current economic downturn.

Zinc consumption in Europe is forecast to grow by an average of around 1 per cent a year in 2008 and 2009. Strong consumption increases in countries with high rates of economic growth, such as the Russian Federation, are expected to be partially offset by declines in Germany and Italy where global financial market instability is having a negative effect on economic activity.
Zinc production expanding rapidly…
The rising stockpiles and lower price forecasts for 2008 and 2009 reflect a strong increase in supply rather than reduced demand. Significant investment in mines and refineries has occurred over the past few years in response to high zinc prices. Zinc production has increased as these projects are completed and move into production.

The largest mine commissioned recently is Apex Silver’s San Cristobal operation in Bolivia (annual capacity of 235 000 tonnes), which began production in August 2007 and will increase output during the remainder of 2008 and 2009. Other notable mine openings adding to production in the next six months include Minera Milpo’s Cerro Lindo mine in Peru (110 000 tonnes a year) and Lundin’s Aljustrel zinc mine in Portugal (80 000 tonnes a year).
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Major additions to world zinc capacity 2007–2009
additional
startup/
project name
owners
country
annual capacity
expected startup
kt
 
Cerro Lindo
Minera Milpo
Peru
110
mid-2007
Jaguar
Jabiru Metals
Australia
34
Jun-07
Caribou
Blue Note Metals
Canada
43
Jul-07
San Cristobal
Apex Silver
Bolivia
235
Aug-07
Aljustrel
Lundin
Portugal
80
Dec-07
Sotkamo
Talvivaara
Finland
60
Oct-08
Perseverence
Xstrata
Canada
115
mid-2008
Angas
Terramin
Australia
60
Jun-08
Rasp
CBH Resources
Australia
37
early 2009
Tulsequah Chief
Redcorp Ventures
Canada
50
mid-2009
Penasquito
Goldcorp
Mexico
189
2009
Perkoa
Aim Resources
Burkina Faso
68
2009
Sulfur Springs
   (Panorama)
CBH Resources
Australia
50
late 2009
Aguas Tenidas
PGM Ventures
Spain
50
late 2009
Wolverine
Yukon Zinc
Canada
50
late 2009
Jabali
ZincOx
Yemen
70
late 2009
Russian Cu Co
Russia
70
2009
Dairi
Herald Resources
Indonesia
115
2009
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The strong increase in world mine supply is forecast to continue in 2009 with the expected start up of Goldcorp’s Penasquito mine in Mexico (189 000 tonnes a year) and the possible startup of Herald Resources’ Dairi mine (115 000 tonnes a year) in Indonesia.

In addition to the projects in the previous table, there has also been significant investment in zinc mining in China. The International Lead and Zinc Study Group expects China’s zinc mine output to rise by around 10 per cent in 2008 with a similar increase forecast in 2009.

World output of refined zinc is forecast to rise by 5.7 per cent in 2008 to 11.9 million tonnes and a further 5 per cent to 12.5 million tonnes in 2009. Increased availability of zinc concentrates should enable existing refineries and smelters to operate at full capacity and a number of new refineries are scheduled to commence production.

Significant increases in refined zinc production are expected in China where a total of 860 000 tonnes of zinc smelting capacity is scheduled to commence operation in 2008. These capacity increases are expected to more than offset short-term production losses associated with severe snow storms in February and an earthquake in May in China. Elsewhere, Hindustan Zinc’s second 170 000 tonne a year capacity refinery in India was commissioned in December 2007 and smelters in Mexico and Peru are also expected to commence production over the next 18 months.

Not all of this additional capacity will translate into increased production before the end of 2009. New operations require time to reach full capacity as processes are fine-tuned to optimise performance. However, it does indicate substantial production increases are likely over the next few years.
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Xinc outlook
 
2006
2007
s
2008-09
f
% change
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World
Production
kt
11 302
11 944
12 541
 5.0
Consumption
kt
11 301
11 769
12 299
 4.5
Closing stocks
kt
 500
 675
 917
 35.9
– weeks consumption
 2.3
 3.0
 3.9
 30.0
Price
US$/t
3 243
2 074
1 770
– 14.7
USc/lb
 147.1
 94.1
 80.3
– 14.7
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2006
2007
s
2008-09
f
Australia
Mine output
kt
1 375
1 567
1 694
 8.1
Refined output
kt
 496
 505
 499
– 1.2
Exports
– ores and conc.
kt
1 948
2 251
2 411
 7.1
– refined
kt
 374
 415
 429
 3.4
– total value
A$m
4 298
3 334
2 331
– 30.1
 
f ABARE forecast. s ABARE estimate.
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…but lower prices may close marginal operations
The declines in zinc prices are causing some high cost operations to close. For example, Teck Cominco has signalled its intention to close the Lennard Shelf mine (80 000 tonne a year capacity) in Australia. This mine was reopened in 2007 to take advantage of high zinc prices but is no longer viable at today’s prices and is scheduled to close in 2009. Should there be further declines in the price of zinc, this may force other high cost operations to reduce output and could jeopardise the viability of some new projects.
Strong growth in volume of Australian production
Australian mine output is estimated to have increased by 190 000 tonnes (14 per cent) in 2007-08 to 1.6 million tonnes. The largest contributor to this increase has been Perilya’s Beltana zinc mine which operated for a period of 12 months to take advantage of high zinc prices. The mine produced 94 000 tonnes of zinc in the first three quarters of 2007-08 and has now ceased operations. Significant increases in production also occurred at the Century, Cannington and Mt Isa mines in Queensland. Production at Century and Cannington is estimated to have been higher following fewer disruptions during 2007-08, while production at Mt Isa should increase following an expansion of the zinc concentrator. The start up of Jabiru Metals’ Jaguar mine (40 000 tonne a year capacity) is also contributing to higher production.

Australian zinc mine production is forecast to increase by a further 8 per cent to 1.7 million tonnes in 2008–09. Higher production is expected from Perilya’s Broken Hill operations CBH Resources’ Endeavour mine while Jabiru Metals’ Jaguar mine is expected to continue to increase production toward capacity. In addition, the start up of Terramin’s Angas zinc mine should also be a major contributor to higher production.

Australia has the capacity to produce around 500 000 tonnes of refined zinc annually. With no additions scheduled to Australia’s zinc refining capacity, it is expected refined zinc production will remain around 500 000 tonnes during 2008-09.
Australian export earnings to fall
Lower zinc prices and a stronger Australian dollar are estimated to have more than offset higher volumes exported, leading to a decline of 22 per cent in Australian zinc export earnings to $3.3 billion in 2007-08. Export earnings are forecast to decline by a further 30 per cent to $2.3 billion in 2008-09 as higher volumes shipped are again expected to be more than offset by lower prices.